Statistics
Statistics is the math of collecting, organizing, and making sense of data. Whether you’re reading a patient’s vital signs chart, interpreting quality control reports on a job site, or understanding test score distributions, statistics gives you the tools to draw meaningful conclusions from numbers.
Why Statistics Matters
Statistics shows up in every profession:
- Nurses read patient vital signs charts and interpret lab result ranges
- Electricians analyze power consumption data and load averages
- Construction managers track project timelines using data and probability
- Business owners interpret sales reports, customer data, and financial summaries
- Test takers need statistics for GED, SAT, nursing certifications, and college entrance exams
Each topic in this section includes practical examples from these fields.
Where to Start
If you’re brand new to statistics, begin with What Is Statistics? — it introduces the key vocabulary and concepts you’ll use everywhere else. From there, the clusters progress naturally: data displays, central tendency, spread, and then into probability and inference. For the GED, focus on Data Literacy, Data Displays, and Central Tendency. For the SAT, add Probability and Study Design.
Topics in this section
Data Literacy
What Is Statistics? · Types of Data and Variables
2 topicsData Displays
Reading Charts and Graphs · Frequency Tables and Histograms · Stem-and-Leaf Plots · Data Interpretation · Scatter Plots
5 topicsCentral Tendency And Spread
Mean, Median, and Mode · Range and Standard Deviation · Weighted Averages · Describing Distributions
4 topicsMeasures Of Position
Percentiles and Quartiles · Z-Scores
2 topicsStudy Design
Sampling Methods · Bias in Studies · Experimental Design
3 topicsCritical Thinking
How to Spot Misleading Graphs · Understanding Polls and Surveys · Simpson's Paradox · P-Hacking and the Reproducibility Crisis
4 topicsProbability
Probability Basics · Counting Techniques · Addition Rule of Probability · Compound Events and Independence · Conditional Probability · Two-Way Tables and Probability · Bayes' Theorem
7 topicsProbability Distributions
Random Variables and Expected Value · The Binomial Distribution · The Normal Distribution · Geometric and Poisson Distributions
4 topicsInference Foundations
Sampling Distributions · The Central Limit Theorem · Confidence Intervals for Proportions · Confidence Intervals for Means · Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
5 topicsHypothesis Tests
One-Sample Z-Tests · One-Sample T-Test · Two-Sample Tests
3 topicsRegression
Correlation · Linear Regression · Inference for Regression
3 topicsCategorical Inference
Chi-Square Tests · One-Way ANOVA
2 topicsLast updated: March 28, 2026